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曝光:美國(guó)OSHA的工作場(chǎng)所十大安全違法

OSHA每年都會(huì)基于他們對(duì)企業(yè)處罰的種類進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)并對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)布年度十大企業(yè)被處罰的違規(guī)。

在2019年美國(guó)安全理事會(huì)大會(huì)和博覽會(huì)上,OSHA發(fā)布了OSHA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用的所有行業(yè)違反行為最常被引用的十大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果。2019年,OSHA在其前十大類別中發(fā)布了近2.7萬(wàn)份傳票。

 

國(guó)家安全委員會(huì)主席兼首席執(zhí)行官黛博拉·A·P·赫斯曼(Deborah A.P.Hersman)說(shuō):“了解工人是如何受傷的,對(duì)確保他們的安全大有裨益。”“OSHA十大名單列出了需要提高警惕的領(lǐng)域,以確保每個(gè)人每天都能安全回家。”

OSHA執(zhí)法計(jì)劃局副局長(zhǎng)帕特里克·卡普斯特(Patrick Kapust)表示,這些年來(lái),結(jié)果沒(méi)有太大變化。雖然這可能感覺(jué)像是一張被打破的唱片一遍又一遍地播放,但對(duì)于雇主來(lái)說(shuō),這真的是一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),可以通過(guò)主動(dòng)識(shí)別危險(xiǎn)和培訓(xùn)員工安全工作來(lái)改變他們對(duì)工作場(chǎng)所安全的看法。

 

卡普斯特建議企業(yè)主和雇主在審查這份違規(guī)清單時(shí)采取簡(jiǎn)單的方法。“把清單拿出來(lái),”卡普斯特說(shuō),“把你自己的工作場(chǎng)所從清單上去掉。“這些就是OSHA正在發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西。”他們會(huì)在我的工作場(chǎng)所找到這些嗎?這是一個(gè)很好的起點(diǎn)。“

 

以下是2019年期間最常被引用的OSHA最高違規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這份清單每年都不會(huì)有太大的變化,而且這份清單總是包括建筑(1926年)和一般工業(yè)(1910年)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

 

與去年的榜單只有一個(gè)微小的不同。2018年排名第五的Lockout/Tagout攀升了一位,升至第四位,與呼吸保護(hù)交換位置。

 

1.     墜落保護(hù)1926.501

 

在過(guò)去的幾年里,墜落保護(hù)一直是被引用最多的違規(guī)行為。墜落保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)旨在防止墜落,根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),墜落僅占建筑業(yè)死亡人數(shù)的40%左右。不足為奇的是,大多數(shù)墜落事故都發(fā)生在住宅工作場(chǎng)所,那里幾乎沒(méi)有對(duì)防墜落要求進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。

 

為了防止墜落傷害和死亡,在需要高空作業(yè)時(shí),雇主必須為工人提供護(hù)欄系統(tǒng),安全網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)或個(gè)人防墜落系統(tǒng),這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。雇主除了提供適當(dāng)?shù)姆缐嬄浔Wo(hù)外,還應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)確保所有員工都接受有關(guān)如何正確使用防墜落的培訓(xùn),并知道何時(shí)使用它。

 

OSHA制定了要求雇主為在不穩(wěn)定表面或側(cè)面和邊緣沒(méi)有保護(hù)的工作場(chǎng)所工作的工人提供防墜落保護(hù)的要求。雇主可以由勝任的人員提供防墜落培訓(xùn),或者他們希望他們的工人在區(qū)域OSHA培訓(xùn)學(xué)院教育中心完成涵蓋墜落危害和預(yù)防的施工培訓(xùn)課程。

 

跌落防護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中最常被引用的部分包括:住宅建筑,未保護(hù)的側(cè)面或邊緣,屋面工程和包括天窗的地板孔。

 

2.     危害告知1910.1200

 

危害通報(bào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解決了工作場(chǎng)所產(chǎn)生或使用的化學(xué)危害。OSHA的危害通報(bào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致,但這仍然是被引用次數(shù)最多的OSHA違規(guī)第二名。大部分企業(yè)未正確執(zhí)行危害通報(bào)規(guī)則,而且很顯然,許多工人沒(méi)有接受有關(guān)2013年生效的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的培訓(xùn)。

OSHA最常引用的危害通信標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部分包括hazcom計(jì)劃的實(shí)施,有害物質(zhì)培訓(xùn)以及開(kāi)發(fā)和維護(hù)安全數(shù)據(jù)表的要求。

 

3.     腳手架1926.451

 

OSHA腳手架標(biāo)準(zhǔn)涵蓋了腳手架的安全要求,應(yīng)由合格人員設(shè)計(jì)并嚴(yán)格按照該設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行構(gòu)造。雇主必須保護(hù)所有使用腳手架的工人免于掉落和掉落的物體。此外,所有腳手架應(yīng)由合格人員檢查后,方可使用。受腳手架危害影響最大的工人包括負(fù)責(zé)框架,屋面,壁板和砌體的工人。

 

經(jīng)常引用違反OSHA的腳手架標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部分包括墜落保護(hù)(包括護(hù)欄系統(tǒng)),使用橫撐進(jìn)行檢修以及鋪板/裝飾。

 

4.     上鎖掛牌1910.147

 

上鎖/掛牌(LOTO)影響維修,修理和維護(hù)設(shè)備或機(jī)器的工人。如果操作中的設(shè)備突然通電或啟動(dòng),則存在危險(xiǎn)。

5.     呼吸防護(hù)1910.134

 

OSHA的呼吸防護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指導(dǎo)雇主在工作場(chǎng)所建立和維護(hù)呼吸防護(hù)計(jì)劃。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)涵蓋了呼吸防護(hù)的所有方面,包括程序,管理,選擇,培訓(xùn),適合性測(cè)試,評(píng)估,使用,清潔,維護(hù)和修理。雇主也應(yīng)該熟悉OSHA自愿使用呼吸器防塵口罩的要求!

 

OSHA最常引用的《呼吸防護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》部分包括醫(yī)學(xué)評(píng)估,呼吸防護(hù)要求,適合性測(cè)試,未能建立必要的呼吸防護(hù)計(jì)劃以及確定工作場(chǎng)所的呼吸危害。

 

6.     梯子1926.1053


7.     工業(yè)卡車(chē)1910.17

 

8.     墜落防護(hù)-訓(xùn)練要求1926.503

 

9.     機(jī)器防護(hù)1910.212

 

10.  眼睛和面部保護(hù)1926.102

 

卡普斯特說(shuō):“作為雇主,這份清單可以為您提供一個(gè)起點(diǎn)。” “您可以查看此列表,找出根本原因,進(jìn)行分析并在傷害發(fā)生之前制止它。”

 

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Exposed: OSHA's Top 10 Workplace Safety Violations

 

At the National Safety Council 2019 Congress & Expo, OSHA released the results of the Top 10 standards most frequently cited for violations across all industries for which OSHA standards apply. OSHA issued nearly 27,000 citations in its Top 10 categories during 2019.

 

“Knowing how workers are hurt can go a long way toward keeping them safe,” said National Safety Council President and CEO Deborah A.P. Hersman. “The OSHA Top 10 list calls out areas that require increased vigilance to ensure everyone goes home safely each day.”

 

Deputy director of OSHA'S Directorate of Enforcement Programs, Patrick Kapust, 

1.      Fall Protection 1926.501

 

Fall Protection has been the number one most cited violation for the past several years. The fall protection standard is designed to prevent falls, which, according to statistics, account for just about 40 percent of deaths in the construction industry. Not surprisingly, most fall accidents happen on residential work sites where there is little oversight given to fall protection requirements.

 

To prevent fall injuries and fatalities, it is critical that employers supply their workers with guardrail systems, safety net systems or personal fall arrest systems when working at heights is required. In addition to just providing proper fall protection, the employer is also responsible for ensuring that all employees are trained on how to properly use fall protection and know when to use it.

 

2.      Hazard Communication 1910.1200

 

The Hazard Communication standard addresses chemical hazards produced or used in the workplace. OSHA’s standard for hazard communication is in line with the international standard but this is still the #2 most cited OSHA violation. 

 

3.      Scaffolding 1926.451

 

The OSHA Scaffolding standard covers safety requirements for scaffolding, which should be designed by a qualified person and constructed exactly in accordance with that design. Employers are required to protect all workers that use scaffolding from falls and falling objects. In addition, all scaffolds should be inspected by a competent person before use by the workers. The workers affected the most by scaffolding hazards include those in charge of framing, roofing, siding, and masonry.

 

4.      Lockout/Tag out 1910.147

 

Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) affects workers that service, repair and maintain equipment or machines. Hazards exist if the equipment being handled can suddenly become energized or started during work.

 

5.      Respiratory Protection 1910.134

 

OSHA’s Respiratory Protection standard directs employers on establishing and maintaining a respiratory protection program in the workplace. All aspects of respiratory protection are covered in this standard including procedures, administration, selection, training, fit testing, evaluation, use, cleaning, maintenance and repair. Employers should be familiar with OSHA’s requirements for voluntary use of respirator dust masks too!.

 

6.     Ladders 1926.1053

 

7.      Powered Industrial Trucks 1910.178

 

8.      Fall Protection - Training Requirements 1926.503

 

9.      Machine Guarding 1910.212

 

10.     Eye and Face Protection 1926.102

 

"As an employer, what this list can do is give you a place to start," Kapust says. "You can take a look at this list, identify root causes, perform analysis and stop an injury before it occurs."